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A Closer Look at the Different Types of Autistic Disorder

types of autistic disorder

Autism, also known as autism spectrum disorder, is a complex neurodevelopmental condition that affects how individuals communicate, behave, and interact with the world. It is called a “spectrum” because it encompasses a wide range of abilities and challenges that vary significantly from one person to another. 

People with autism may have different strengths, difficulties, and experiences. Understanding the various types of autism helps clarify why some individuals may need more support while others can live more independently. 

While all forms of autism share certain core traits, the spectrum includes several distinct types that have unique characteristics.

The Evolution of Autism Diagnosis

The concept of “autistic disorder” has evolved significantly over time. Before 2013, professionals used different terms to describe variations of autism. 

These terms included “Asperger’s syndrome,” “Autistic Disorder,” “Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS),” and “Childhood Disintegrative Disorder.” 

In 2013, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5), simplified the classification by grouping these conditions under the broader diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This shift emphasized the wide range of abilities and challenges in people with autism.

Although the DSM-5 has officially reclassified autism under one umbrella term, understanding the previously distinct types of autistic disorder remains valuable for many individuals and their families, as these categories help describe the different ways autism can manifest.

With that out of the way, let’s look at the various types of autistic disorder which are as follows:

Classic Autism (Autistic Disorder)

Classic autism, or Autistic Disorder, was historically the most recognized form of autism. People with classic autism typically exhibit significant communication, social interaction, and behavior challenges. These challenges often become noticeable early in childhood, with parents and caregivers observing developmental delays or unusual behaviors.

Communication challenges are another hallmark of classic autism. Some individuals with this form of autism may be nonverbal or have very limited speech. Others may develop language skills but struggle with understanding abstract concepts, sarcasm, or metaphor. They might also have echolalia, which involves repeating words or phrases they hear, either immediately or later.

Lastly, people with classic autism often engage in repetitive behaviors, such as hand-flapping, rocking, or spinning objects. They may also have highly focused interests in specific topics, like trains, numbers, or a particular television show, and may have difficulty switching their attention to other subjects. 

These repetitive behaviors and intense interests help provide a sense of predictability and comfort in a world that can often feel overwhelming.

Asperger’s Syndrome

Asperger’s Syndrome was once considered a separate diagnosis within the autism spectrum. People with Asperger’s typically have fewer language delays and often have average or above-average intelligence. Despite these strengths, they can still experience significant challenges with social interactions and behavior.

Individuals with Asperger’s Syndrome usually develop language skills at a typical or even advanced pace, and many have strong intellectual abilities. 

However, despite their cognitive strengths, they often struggle with social cues and may come across as awkward or overly literal in conversations. Their interests may also be highly specialized, leading to conversations that focus intensely on specific topics. 

While this can be a strength in academic or professional settings, it can make casual interactions more challenging.

Another common feature of Asperger’s Syndrome is difficulty understanding the emotions or perspectives of others. While people with Asperger’s can have strong logical reasoning skills, they may struggle with empathy or interpreting the emotional needs of others, which can lead to misunderstandings in social situations.

Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)

PDD-NOS was previously used to describe those individuals who showed a few autism traits. It was considered a “catch-all” diagnosis for people who had challenges with communication and social interaction but did not fully meet the criteria for classic autism or Asperger’s Syndrome.

People with PDD-NOS might have fewer or milder symptoms of autism. They may develop some social skills but struggle with specific aspects of communication, such as making eye contact or engaging in more nuanced conversations. 

Since PDD-NOS encompasses a broad range of traits, it has often been considered a less defined category, which made diagnosis challenging at times.

The level of support required for individuals with PDD-NOS can vary widely. Some people may need minimal assistance and lead relatively independent lives, while others might require more consistent support, especially in social or work settings. This variability makes it clear that autism truly exists on a spectrum, with different individuals needing different types of assistance based on their unique challenges.

Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD)

Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD), also known as Heller’s Syndrome, is a rare form of autism that involves typical development followed by a significant regression in skills. 

Unlike other types of autism, where challenges may be apparent from an early age, children with CDD typically develop normally for the first two to four years of life. During this time, they achieve developmental milestones such as language, motor skills, and social interaction. However, around the age of three or four, they begin to lose these skills rapidly.

The most striking feature of CDD is the sudden and dramatic loss of abilities. A child who once spoke fluently may become nonverbal, or one who interacted socially may withdraw completely. The regression can be alarming for parents, as it often occurs quickly and severely impacts the child’s overall development. 

In addition to losing communication and social skills, children with CDD may also develop repetitive behaviors similar to those seen in classic autism.

Children with CDD often experience severe developmental impairment. Many children who experience this regression will require lifelong care and support. CDD is much rarer than other forms of autism, and its causes remain poorly understood, though it is believed to be linked to neurological factors. 

Early intervention and supportive therapies can help improve the child’s quality of life, but the prognosis for regaining lost skills is generally less optimistic than in other forms of autism.

types of autistic disorder

Rett Syndrome

Rett Syndrome was once classified as part of the autism spectrum but is now recognized as a separate genetic disorder. It primarily affects girls and involves a specific mutation in the MECP2 gene, which leads to severe physical and cognitive impairments. 

While individuals with Rett Syndrome may display autistic-like behaviors, such as impaired social interaction and communication, the disorder is distinct from other types of autism.

Children with Rett Syndrome often appear to develop normally during the first few months of life. However, between six months and two years of age, they begin to lose the ability to use their hands purposefully, and their communication skills regress. 

Many children with Rett Syndrome develop repetitive hand movements, such as wringing or clapping, and they may lose the ability to walk or move independently.

In addition to the loss of motor skills, Rett Syndrome leads to significant cognitive impairment. Most individuals with Rett Syndrome will need ongoing care and support for their physical and intellectual disabilities. While the disorder shares some similarities with autism, its genetic basis and progressive nature make it distinct from other forms of autistic disorder.

Understanding the Spectrum in Today’s Terms

With the move toward the broader diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in the DSM-5, the distinctions between classic autism, Asperger’s Syndrome, PDD-NOS, and other forms of autism are now viewed as variations within the spectrum. 

This change reflects the understanding that while people with autism may have different abilities, they all share core characteristics, including challenges with social communication and behavior. This shift allows for a more individualized approach to support and care.

Despite the shift in terminology, many people and families still find value in identifying with specific labels, like Asperger’s, as they help explain the unique challenges and strengths that a person may have. 

The concept of autism as a spectrum allows for more flexibility in diagnosis and treatment, ensuring that each individual receives the support they need based on their personal experience.

Conclusion

Autism spectrum disorder is a complex and varied condition that affects people in different ways. 

From classic autism and Asperger’s Syndrome to rare forms like Childhood Disintegrative Disorder and Rett Syndrome, the spectrum of autism encompasses a wide range of abilities and challenges. By understanding the different types of autism, we can better appreciate the diversity within the autism community and ensure that individuals receive the appropriate support and care tailored to their unique needs. 

Although the diagnostic terms have evolved, the central goal remains the same: to support people with autism in living fulfilling, meaningful lives. Whether you’re searching for autism services in Arizona, Georgia, New Jersey, or Utah, it’s essential to find the right care tailored to your loved one’s unique needs. 

At Silver Swing ABA, we are dedicated to providing compassionate, personalized support. Contact us today to learn more about how we can help you or your loved one thrive.

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